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References

Toxicity of PBDEs:

Birnbaum et al., 2004.  Brominated flame retardants:  cause for concern?  Environmental Health Perspectives 112(1): 9-17.

Darnerud, 2003.  Toxic effects of brominated flame retardants in man and wildlife.  Environment International 29:841-853. 

PBDEs in the environment:

De Wit, C.A., 2002.  An overview of brominated flame retardants in the environment.  Chemosphere 46:583-624.

Hale et al., 2003.  Polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants in the North American environment.  Environment International 29: 771-779.

Hites et al., 2004.  Global Assessment of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in farmed and wild salmon. Environment Science and Technology, 38:4945-4949. http://pubs.acs.org/journals/esthag

Ikonomou et al., 2002.  Exponential increases of the brominated flame retardants, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, in the Canadian Arctic from 1981 to 2000.  Environmental Science & Technology 36(9):1886-1892.

Johnson et al., 2001.  Analysis and occurrence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in Washington State freshwater fish.  Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 41:339-344. 

Lindberg et al., 2004.  Higher brominated diphenyl ethers and hexabromocyclododecane found in eggs of Peregrine Falcons breeding in Sweden.  Environmental Science & Technology 38(1):93-96.

Rayne et al., 2003.  Rapidly increasing polybrominated diphenyl ether concentrations in the Columbia River system from 1992 to 2000.  Environmental Science & Technology 37(13):2847-2854.

Rayne et al., 2004.  PBDEs, PBBs, and PCNs in three communities of free-ranging killer whales (Orcinus orca) from the northeastern Pacific Ocean.  Environmental Science and Technology

She et al., 2002.  PBDEs in the San Francisco Bay area:  measurements in harbor seal blubber and human breast adipose tissue.  Chemosphere 46:697-707. 

PBDEs in people:

Akutsu et al., 2003.  Time-trend (1973-2000) of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in Japanese mother’s milk.  Chemosphere 53:643-654. 

Hites, 2004.  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the environment and in people: a meta-analysis of concentrations.  Environmental Science & Technology 38(4): 945-956.

Lind et al., 2003.  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in breast milk from Uppsala County, Sweden.  Environmental Research 93:186-194.

Meironyte Guvenius et al., 2003.  Human prenatal and postnatal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers, polychlorinated diphenyls, and polychlorobiphenylols, and pentachlorophenol.  Environmental Health Perspectives 111(9):1235-1241. 

Schecter et al., 2003.  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in U.S. mother’s milk.  Environmental Health Perspectives 111(14): 1723-1729. http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/

Sjodin et al., 2004.  Retrospective time-trend study of polybrominated diphenyl ether and polybrominated and polychlorinated biphenyl levels in human serum from the United States.  Environmental Health Perspectives 112(6): 654-658. http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/

Noren et al. 2000. Certain organochlorine and organobromine contamints in Swedish milk in perspective of past 20-30 years. Chemosphere 40:111-1123.

Human exposure to PBDEs:

General information

Darnerud et al., 2001.  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers:  occurrence, dietary exposure and toxicology.  Environmental Health Perspectives 109 (Supplement 1): 49-68.  Available at http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/

Health Canada, 2004.  Screening assessment report – Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Available at http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hecs-sesc/exsd/screening_assessment.htm.

Sjodin et al., 2003.  A review on human exposure to brominated flame retardants – particularly polybrominated diphenyl ethers.  Environment International 29:829-839.

Food

Bocio et al., 2003.  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in foodstuffs:  human exposure through the diet.  Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 51:3191-3195.

Harrad et al., 2004.  Preliminary assessment of U.K. human dietary and inhalation exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers.  Environmental Science & Technology 38(8):2345-2350.

Huwe, 2004.  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in meat samples collected from supermarkets across the U.S.  Abstract presented at BFR 2004 Conference in Toronto Canada, June 2004. 

Jones-Otazo et al., 2004.  A preliminary comparison of Canadian PBDE exposures from oral and inhalation routes.  Poster presented at BFR 2004 Conference in Toronto Canada, June 2004. 

Ohta et al., 2002.  Comparison of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in fish, vegetables, and meats and levels in human milk of nursing women in Japan.  Chemosphere 46:689-696.

Schecter et al., 2004.  PBDE contamination of U.S. food and human milk; and PBDE, PCDD/F, PCB, and levels in U.S. human blood (1973 and 2003).  Abstract presented at BFR2004 Conference, Ontario Canada, June 2004.

Schecter et al., 2004.  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers contamination of United States food.  Environmental Science and Technology, web release Sept. 1, 2004. 

Indoor air and dust

Butt et al., 2004.  Spatial distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in southern Ontario as measured in indoor and outdoor window organic films.  Environmental Science & Technology 38(3):724-731.

Environmental Working Group, 2004.  In the dust - levels of toxic fire retardants contaminate American homes.  Available at www.ewg.org/reports/inthedust/summary.php.

Harrad et al., 2004.  Preliminary assessment of U.K. human dietary and inhalation exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers.  Environmental Science & Technology 38(8):2345-2350.

Jones-Otazo et al., 2004.  A preliminary comparison of Canadian PBDE exposures from oral and inhalation routes.  Poster presented at BFR 2004 Conference in Toronto Canada, June 2004. 

Rudel et al., 2003.  Phthalates, alkylphenols, pesticides, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and other endocrine-disrupting compounds in indoor air and dust.  Environmental Science & Technology 37(20): 4543-4553.

Sjodin et al., 2004.  Concentration of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in house hold dust – inhalation a potential route of human exposure.  Abstract presented at BFR2004 Conference, Toronto Canada, June 2004.

Stapleton et al., 2004.  Polybrominated diphenyl ether measurements in household dust.  Abstract presented at BFR 2004 Conference, Toronto Canada, June 2004.

Wilford et al., 2004.  Passive sampling survey of polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants in indoor and outdoor air in Ottawa, Canada: implications for sources and exposure.  Environmental Science and Technology, web release Sept. 14, 2004. 

Workplace

Jakobsson et al., 2002.  Exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers and tetrabromobisphenol A among computer technicians.  Chemospere 46:709-716.

Sjodin et al., 1999.  Flame retardant exposure: polybrominated diphenyl ethers in blood from Swedish workers.  Environmental Health Perspectives 107: 643-648. http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/

Sjodin et al., 2001.  Flame retardants in indoor air at an electronics recycling plant and at other work environments.  Environmental Science & Technology 35(3):448-454. 

Thuresson et al., 2004.  Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in blood from Swedish workers – a follow up study in an electronics recycling industry.  Abstract presented at BFR2004 Conference, Toronto Canada, June 2004.

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